Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction are effective for problem-based learning, application, and integration with life experiences.
M. David Merrill developed Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction in 2002 (Merrill, 2002). It is a problem-based learning model aimed at activating the learning process, introducing knowledge, applying that knowledge, and integrating the learning experience outside of the classroom.
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Activate
Instructor gathers existing knowledge of the problem: identify problem to remind students what they may know about the topic. What do students know about the problem? Cite theory or conceptual framework that helps students contextualize problem.
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Demonstrate
Instructor shows students how the problem has presented itself in real-world scenarios. This could be a guest speaker, movie, lecture, video—something to show students how the problem presents itself.
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Apply
Instructor initiate classroom activity that enables students to practice knowledge and solve a problem on their own. This could be a pop quiz, paper, game, small-group problem-solving, presentation—something active.
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Integrate
Students transfer knowledge gained from application to something they personally identify with. This could be a job, future employment (portfolio/resume), family, friends, student organization, professional organization—some context outside of the classroom.