Our Methods

Core Competencies

Soft materials play a critical role in the development of a wide range of emerging technologies, including energy storage devices, photochromic displays, advanced coatings, and novel robotic sensors. By engineering their electrical and rheological properties, we can achieve a desired macroscopic performance in response to an applied external stimulus. Through a combination of nanoscale synthesis, in-situ rheo-electric measurements, and small angle scattering, we can investigate and manipulate the structure and dynamics of electrically active soft matter building blocks. Since our group formed at Northwestern in 2018, we have applied these core-competencies to impact technologies needed to transform our economy toward sustainability and circularity.  

Synthesis of Conductive Materials

The building blocks of soft materials must be carefully tuned to enhance our ability to probe specific transport phenomena prevalent in each application. Fundamentally, novel colloidal particles and polymeric materials can be synthesized, and new surface chemistries can be introduced to alter their stability and interaction energy. By manipulating these properties, we can target specific electrical and rheological properties that probe their macroscopic performance. 

Rheology

When we deform soft matter its microstructure changes. To process soft materials into useful technologies, we must understand and predict how these changes occur in response to an external stimulus. Rheology, the study of flow, measures the force required to impose a well-defined shear deformation on a material. With rheometers customized to perform in situ measurements, our lab measures useful macroscopic properties such as the flowability, or material softness. We can then develop the constitutive relationships that govern micro- and macro-scopic characteristics

Electrical Measurements

Soft materials that incorporate electrically active building blocks are at the heart of many novel electronic devices. In many cases, the charge transport in these materials is inherently coupled to the structure and dynamics of the conductive building blocks. We can combine impedance spectroscopy with rheology to reveal the unknown links between the underlying microstructure and the macroscopic transport behavior. By understanding how shear deformation impacts electrical behavior, we can better engineer soft materials to suit a variety of technological needs. 

Small Angle Scattering

Small angle scattering (SAS) techniques probe the microstructure of soft materials across a wide range of length scales spanning from nanometers to microns. At these length scales, the building blocks interact with each other to determine the macroscopic behavior. As engineers, we seek to design materials that exhibit new and improved properties. SAS is essential for understanding how these properties are governed by the material structure. Exploiting different types of radiation including light, X-rays, and neutrons, allows us to obtain an unambiguous snapshot of the material microstructure. These insights enable us to further develop the constitutive relationships for materials that enable a future powered by renewable electrons. 

Northwestern University

Argonne National Laboratory

NIST Center for Neutron Research

Oak Ridge National Labs

Contact Us

Dr. Jeffrey J. Richards

jeffrey.richards@northwestern.edu

Northwestern University

Technological Institute E166

2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, IL 60208