Name/Year Heading Year Lab People Topics Methods Notes

2023

 2023        
Agrawal, T., Shanahan, D., Huron, D., & Keller, H. (2023) Time-of-Day Practices Echo Circadian Physiological Arousal: An Enculturated Embodied Practice in Hindustani Classical Music. Musicae Scientiae 27 (1): 70–93. https://doi-org/10.1177/10298649211020053 2023 Daniel Shanahan Hindustani Music, Arousal, Physiological    
Knowles, K. L., & Ashley, R. (2023). Measuring Experienced Time While. Performing Time: Synchrony and Temporal Flow in Music and Dance, 313. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373523604_Performing_Time_Synchrony_and_Temporal_Flow_in_Music_and_Dance 2023 Richard Ashley Rhythm and Meter, Performance, Perception    

2022

 2022        
Malin, Y., Crowder, C., Byom, C. & Shanahan, D. (2022) Community Based Music Information Retrieval: A Case Study of Digitizing Historical Klezmer Manuscripts from Kyiv. Transactions of the International Society for Music Information. Retrieval 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.5334/tismir.135 2022 Daniel Shanahan Community    
Pinto, D. D. T. (2022). Gospel choir as a space for racial and religious expression for Black students at a predominantly White institution. International Journal of Research in Choral Singing, 10, 295-326. https://acda.org/archives/5408. 2022 Diego Pinto Gospel, Expression, Community, Culture    

2021

 2021        
Albrecht, J., Warrenburg, L., Reymore, L., & Shanahan, D. (2021). Future Directions of Music Cognition 2021 Full Proceedings. 2021 Daniel Shanahan About the Field    
Albrecht, J., Warrenburg, L., Reymore, L., & Shanahan, D. (2021) Introduction to Future Directions of Music Cognition Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.18061/FDMC.2021.0001 2021 Daniel Shanahan About the Field    
Barrett, K. C., Ashley, R., Strait, D. L., Skoe, E., Limb, C. J., & Kraus, N. (2021). Multi-Voiced Music Bypasses Attentional Limitations in the Brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15, 588914. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.588914 2021 Richard Ashley Attention    
Hickey, M., Healy, D., & Schmidt, C. (2021). A quantitative analysis of two improvisation assessment instruments.” Psychology of Music, 50, 175-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735620988788 2021 Casey Schmidt Improvisaton Meta-Analysis  
Hosken, F. (2021). The Pocket: A Theory of Beats as Domains [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www-proquest-com/docview/2572567017 2021 Fred Hosken Rhythm and Meter, Microtiming, Groove    
Schmidt, C. (2021). The reflective practices of early and late career music educators. Research Studies in Music Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/1321103X211016891 2021 Casey Schmidt Education    
Schmidt, C. (2021). Supporting creative musical mindsets in ensemble learning. Music Educators Journal, 108, 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/00274321211025081 2021 Casey Schmidt Education    
Schwitzgebel, E., & White, C. Wm. (2021). Effects of chord inversion and bass patterns on harmonic expectancy in musicians. Music Perception, 39(1), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2021.39.1.41 2021 Emily Schwitzgebel Harmony, Expectation    
Shanahan, D. 2021. Review of Musical Illusions and Phantom Words: How Music and Speech Unlock Mysteries of the Brain By Diana Deutsch. Oxford University Press. In Music Theory Spectrum. https://doi.org/10.1093/mts/mtaa026 2021 Daniel Shanahan Linguistics, Language    

2020

 2020        
Baker, D. J., .Belfi, A., Creel, S., Grahn, J., Hannon, E., Loui, P., Margulis, E. H., et al. (2020) Embracing Anti-Racist Practices in the Music Perception and Cognition Community. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.38.2.103 2020 Daniel Shanahan Racism, Community, About the Field    
Baker, D. J., Ventura, J., Calamia, M., Shanahan, D., & Elliott, E. M. (2020) Examining Musical Sophistication: A Replication and Theoretical Commentary on the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index. Musicae Scientiae 24 (4): 411–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1029864918811879 2020 Daniel Shanahan Education, Musical Sophistication    
Shanahan, D. (2020) Empirical Musicology: An Interview with David Huron Part I. Empirical Musicology Review 15 (1–2): 3–17. https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v15i1-2.7718 2020 Daniel Shanahan About the Field, Methodology Interview  
Shanahan, D. (2020) Empirical Musicology: An Interview with David Huron Part II. Empirical Musicology Review 15 (3–4): 249–64. https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v15i3-4.8103 2020 Daniel Shanahan About the Field, Methodology Interview  
Shanahan, D. (2020) Review of Foundations of Musical Grammar by Lawrence Zbikowski. (Oxford University Press, 2017). In Music Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1111/musa.12159 2020 Daniel Shanahan Musical Grammar, Structure, Foundations    
Shanahan, D. (2020) The Cognitive and Communicative Constraints of Part-Writing. The Routledge Companion to Music Theory Pedagogy. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429505584 2020 Daniel Shanahan Part-Writing, Harmony    
Vukovics, K., & Shanahan, D. (2020) Rhythmic Variability, Language, and Style: A Replication and Extension of NPVI Findings with the RISM Dataset. Journal of New Music Research 49 (3): 285–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/09298215.2020.1751209 2020 Daniel Shanahan Rhythm and Meter, Linguistics, Language    
Warrenburg, L. A., Reymore, L., & Shanahan, D. (2020). The Communication of Melancholy, Grief, and Fear in Dance With and Without Music. Mind, Music and Technology 16 (3): 283–309. https://doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.202011256766 2020 Daniel Shanahan Emotion, Communication, Embodiment    

2019

 2019        
Akkermans, J., Schapiro, R., Müllensiefen, D., Jakubowski, K., Shanahan, D., Baker, D., Busch, V., et al. (2019) Decoding Emotions in Expressive Music Performances: A Multi-Lab Replication and Extension Study. Cognition and Emotion 33 (6): 1099–1118. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1541312 2019 Daniel Shanahan Emotion    
Hickey, M., & Schmidt, C. (2019). The effect of professional development on music teachers’ improvisation and composition activities. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 222, 27-43. https://doi.org/10.5406/bulcouresmusedu.222.0027 2019 Casey Schmidt Education, Improvisation, Composition    
Shanahan, D., & Albrecht, J. (2019) Examining the Effect of Oral Transmission on Folksongs. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal 36 (3): 273–88. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2019.36.3.273 2019 Daniel Shanahan Communication    
Shanahan, D. 2019. The Influence Machine: A Commentary on Hähnel and Martensen (2019). Empirical Musicology Review 14 (1–2): 50–52. https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v14i1-2.7118 2019 Daniel Shanahan Performance, Vibrato    

2018

 2018        
Ashley, R., & Timmers, R. (2018). Routledge Companion to Music Cognition. 43 chapters, 561 pp. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315194738 2018 Richard Ashley About the Field    
Ashley, R. (2018). Musical Structure: Form. In Routledge Companion to Music Cognition. (179-190) New York; Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315194738-15 2018 Richard Ashley Form    
Ashley, R. (2018). Music and Communication. In Routledge Companion to Music Cognition. (479-488). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315194738-39 2018 Richard Ashley Communication    
Baker, D. J., .Elliott, E. M., Shanahan, D., Ventura, J., Monzingo, E., Ritter, B., & Young, C. (2018) Explaining Objective and Subjective Aspects of Musical Sophistication: Insights from General Fluid Intelligence and Working Memory. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition (ICMPC15). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326816448_Explaining_Objective_and_Subjective_Aspects_of_Musical_Sophistication_Insights_from_General_Fluid_Intelligence_and_Working_Memory 2018 Daniel Shanahan Sophistication, Working Memory    
Baker, D. J., Monzingo, E., & Shanahan, D. (2018) Modeling Aural Skills Dictation. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition–Graz, Austria.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326816344_Modeling_Aural_Skills_Dictation 2018 Daniel Shanahan Aural Skills, Education    
Baker, D. J., & Shanahan, D. (2018) Examining Fixed and Relative Similarity Metrics Through Jazz Melodies. Mathematical Music Theory: Algebraic, Geometric, Combinatorial, Topological And Applied Approaches To Understanding Musical Phenomena, 319. https://doi.org/10.1142/10858 2018 Daniel Shanahan Jazz, Melody    
Demorest, S.M., Nichols, B., & Pfordresher, P.Q. (2018). The effect of focused instruction on young children’s singing accuracy. Psychology of Music, 46, 488–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735617713120 2018 Steven Demorest Education    
Kim, J. N., Large, E. W., Gwon, Y., & Ashley, R. (2018). The Online Processing of Implied Harmony in the Perception of Tonal Melodies. Music Perception, 35(5), 594–606. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.35.5.594 2018 Richard Ashley Harmony, Expectation    
Morrison, S.J., Demorest, S.M., & Pearce, M. T. (2018). Cultural Distance: A Computational Approach to Exploring Cultural Influences on Music Cognition. In M. Thaut & D. Hodges (Eds.) Oxford Handbook on Music and the Brain. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804123.013.3 2018 Steve Morrison, Steven Demorest Culture, Community    
Neubarth, K., Shanahan, D., & Conklin, D. (2018) Supervised Descriptive Pattern Discovery in Native American Music. Journal of New Music Research 47 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09298215.2017.1353637 2018 Daniel Shanahan Native American Music, Pattern    
Slater, J., Ashley, R., Tierney, A., & Kraus, N. (2018). Got rhythm? Better inhibitory control is linked with more consistent drumming and enhanced neural tracking of the musical beat in adult percussionists and nonpercussionists. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 30(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01189. 2018 Richard Ashley Rhythm and Meter    

2017

 2017        
Cooper, A., Wang, Y., & Ashley, R. (2017). Thai Rate-Varied Vowel Length Perception and the Impact of Musical Experience. Language and Speech, 60(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830916642489. 2017 Richard Ashley Communication, Linguistics    
Demorest, S.M., Kelley, J., & Pfordresher, P.Q. (2017). Singing ability, musical self-concept, and future music participation. Journal of Research in Music Education, 65, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429416680096. 2017 Steven Demorest Education, Self    
Slater, J., Kraus, N., Woodruff Carr, K., Tierney, A., Azem, A., & Ashley, R. (2017). Speech-in-noise perception is linked to rhythm production skills in adult percussionists and non-musicians. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(6), 710–717. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2017.1411960. 2017 Richard Ashley Perception, Rhythm and Meter, Language, Linguistics, Neuroscience    

2016

 2016        
Ashley, R. (2016). Improvisation. In S. Hallam, I. Cross, and M. Thaut, Oxford Handbook of Music Psychology, 2nd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0038. 2016 Richard Ashley Improvisation    
Demorest, S.M., Morrison, S.J., Nguyen, V. & Bodnar, E. (2016). The influence of contextual cues on cultural bias in music memory. Music Perception, 33, 590–600. https:doi.org/10.1525/MP.2016.33.5.590. 2016 Steven Demorest, Steve Morrison Memory, Culture    
Demorest, S. M. & Morrison, S. J. (2016). Quantifying culture: The cultural distance hypothesis of melodic expectancy. (pp. 183–194) in J. Chiao, S. Lu, R. Seligman, & R. Turner (Eds.) Handbook of Cultural Neuroscience (Vol. 1). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357376.013.13. 2016 Steven Demorest, Steve Morrison Culture, Expectation, Melody    

2015

 2015        
Demorest, S.M., Pfordresher, P.Q., Dalla Bella, S., Hutchins, S., Loui, P., Rutkowski, J. & Welch, G.F. (2015). Methodological perspectives on singing accuracy: An introduction to the special issue on singing accuracy (part 2). Music Perception, 32, 266–271. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.32.3.266. 2015 Steven Demorest Methodology, Education    
Demorest, S.M. & Pfordresher, P. Q. (2015). Singing accuracy development from K-adult: A comparative study. Music Perception, 32, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.32.3.293. 2015 Steven Demorest Singing, Education    
Lee, K.M, Skoe, E., Kraus, N., Ashley, R. (2015). Neural transformation of dissonant intervals in the auditory brainstem. Music Perception, 32 (5), 445–459. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.32.5.445. 2015 Richard Ashley Intervals, Neuroscience    
Loui, P., Demorest, S.M., Pfordresher, P.Q., & Iyer, J. (2015) Neurological and developmental approaches to poor pitch perception and production. In The Neurosciences and Music V: Cognitive Stimulation and Rehabilitation, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1337, 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12623. 2015 Steven Demorest Neuroscience, Intervals, Singing    
Bourne, J. E. (2015). A Theory of Analogy for Musical Sense-Making and Categorization: Understanding Musical Jabberwocky [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1720843383. 2015 Janet Bourne Analogy, Perception, Categorization    

2014

 2014        
Ashley, R. (2014). Bodily interaction (of interpreters) in music performance. In C. Müller, A. Cienki, E. Fricke, S. Ladewig, D. McNeill, and S. Tessendorf, Body-Language-Communication: An International Handbook on Multimodality in Human Interaction (1432–1440). Berlin: De Gruyter. 2014 Richard Ashley Embodiment, Performance, Communication, Multimodality    
Ashley, R. (2014). Brain stem. In W. F. Thompson and J. G. Golson, Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452283012. 2014 Richard Ashley Neuroscience    
Ashley, R. (2014). Communication. In W. F. Thompson and J. G. Golson, Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452283012. 2014 Richard Ashley Communication    
Ashley, R. (2014). Expressiveness in funk. In D. Fabian, R. Timmers, and E. Schubert, Expressiveness in music performance: Empirical approaches across styles and cultures (154–169). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659647.003.0009. 2014 Richard Ashley Expression, Performance    
Ashley, R. (2014). Generative theory of tonal music (GTTM). In W. F. Thompson and J. G. Golson, Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452283012. 2014 Richard Ashley Linguistics    
Ashley, R. (2014). Information-processing paradigm. In W. F. Thompson and J. G. Golson, Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452283012. 2014 Richard Ashley Perception, Processing    
Ashley, R. (2014). Statistical learning. In W. F. Thompson and J. G. Golson, Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452283012. 2014 Richard Ashley Education    
Ashley, R. (2014). Structure. In W. F. Thompson and J. G. Golson, Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452283012. 2014 Richard Ashley Structure    
Bourne, J. (2014). Analogy, metaphor and narrative. In B. Tompson and J. G. Golson, Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452283012. 2014 Janet Bourne Analogy, Communication, Narrative    
Bourne, J. (2014). CAT got your Tongue? Adapting classroom assessment techniques (CATs) for the music classroom. In K. Shaffer, B. Hughes, P. Duker, & A. Gawboy Engaging Students: Essays in Music Pedagogy, Vol. 2. https://doi.org/10.18061/es.v2i0. 2014 Janet Bourne Education    
Bourne, J. (2014). Perception. In B. Tompson & G. Golson, Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452283012. 2014 Janet Bourne Perception    

2013

 2013        
Barrett K.C., Ashley R., Strait D.L., Kraus N. (2013). Art and science: How musical training shapes the brain. Frontiers in Auditory Cognitive Neuroscience. 4:713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00713. 2013 Richard Ashley Education, Neuroscience    
Kim, J. N. (2013). Online Processing of Tonal Melodies: Effects of Harmonic Expectations [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1446721903/. 2013 Advised by Lab Faculty Melody, Harmony, Expectation    
Morrison, S. J., Demorest, S. M., Campbell, P. S., Bartolome, S. J., & Roberts, J. C. (2013). Effect of intensive instruction on elementary students’ memory for culturally unfamiliar music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 60, vol. 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429412462581. 2013 Steve Morrison, Steven Demorest Education    
Patel, A. & Demorest, S. (2013). Comparative music cognition: Cross-species and cross-cultural studies, Chapter 16 in D. Deutsch ed. The Psychology of Music (3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press, 647–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381460-9.00016-X. 2013 Steven Demorest Culture    

2012

 2012        
Anderson, B. (2012). Understanding Music through Mental Representations: An Investigation of A Priori and Ad Hoc Schemas. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1017870654/. 2012 Advised by Lab Faculty Categorization, Mental Representation    
Baldwin, C., Barrow, J., Bourne, J., & Wenger, L. (2012). The effect of musical valence on pseudoneglect in a likert-type rating task. In E. Camboupolous, C. Tsougras, P. Mavromatis, & K. Pastiadis, (Eds.) Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music, 88–89. Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. 2012 Janet Bourne Emotion    
Bourne, J. (2012). Cognitive conditions for the perception of irony in music: A view from late Beethoven. In U. Seifert, & J. Wewers, (Eds.) Under Construction: Trans- and Interdisciplinary Routes in Music Research, 53–72. Osnabrück: epOs-Music. 2012 Janet Bourne Perception, Communication    
Demorest, S.M. & Osterhout, L. (2012). ERP responses to cross-cultural melodic expectancy violations. In The Neurosciences and Music IV: Learning and Memory, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 152–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06464.x. 2012 Steven Demorest Culture, Expectation, Neuroscience, Melody    

2011

 2011        
Baldwin, C., Barrow, J., Bourne, J., & Wenger, L. (2011). Musical valence affects spatial attention in a Likert scale rating task. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 55, 1250–1254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181311551260 2011 Janet Bourne Emotion, Attention, Perception    
Demorest, S.M. (2011). Biological and environmental factors in music cognition and learning. in R. Colwell and P. Webster (Eds.) MENC Handbook of Research on Music Learning: Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 173–215. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195386677.003.0005 2011 Steven Demorest Education    
Lee, K. M. (2011). Neural Representation of Musical Intervals in the Human Brainstem [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. 2011 Advised by Lab Faculty Intervals, Mental Representation    

2010

 2010        
Chor, I. (2010). Cognitive Frameworks for the Production of Musical Rhythm [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www.proquest.com/docview/305220166/ 2010 Advised by Lab Faculty Mental Representation, Rhythm and Meter    
Davis, C. A. (2010). Semantic Knowledge of Eminent Jazz Performers: A Study on the Impact of Community Affiliation and Expertise [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www.proquest.com/docview/305211529/ 2010 Advised by Lab Faculty Meaning, Jazz, Community, Sophistication    
Strait, D. L., Kraus, N., Parbery-Clark, A., & Ashley, R. (2010). Musical experience shapes top-down auditory mechanisms: Evidence from masking and auditory attention performance. Hearing Research, 261(1–2), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2009.12.021 2010 Richard Ashley Sophistication, Mental Representation, Attention    

2009

 2009        
Lee, K. M., Skoe, E., Kraus, N., & Ashley, R. (2009). Selective Subcortical Enhancement of Musical Intervals in Musicians. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(18), 5832–5840. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6133-08.2009 2009 Richard Ashley Intervals, Neuroscience    
Strait, D. L., Kraus, N., Skoe, E., & Ashley, R. (2009). Musical experience and neural efficiency—Effects of training on subcortical processing of vocal expressions of emotion. European Journal of Neuroscience. 29(3), 661–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06617.x 2009 Richard Ashley Sophistication, Singing, Emotion    
Strait, D. L., Kraus, N., Skoe, E., & Ashley, R. (2009). Musical Experience Promotes Subcortical Efficiency in Processing Emotional Vocal Sounds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169(1), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04864.x 2009 Richard Ashley Sophistication, Singing, Emotion    

2006

 2006        
Joichi, J. (2006). Closure, Context, and Hierarchical Grouping in Music: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www.proquest.com/docview/305299170/ 2006 Advised by Lab Faculty      

2004

 2004        
Ashley, R. (2004). Musical pitch space across modalities: Spatial and other mappings through language and culture. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition (Vol. 72, pp. 64–71). Adelaide, South Australia: Causal Productions. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9ea3af28172991e9764e5d3ff8244ba88ed0cd8f 2004 Richard Ashley Mental Representation, Linguistics, Culture    

2002

 2002        
Ashley, R. (2002). Do[n’t] Change a Hair for Me: The Art of Jazz Rubato. Music Perception, 19(3), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2002.19.3.311 2002 Richard Ashley Jazz, Rhythm and Meter, Perception    

2001

 2001        
Davis, S. (2001). Implied Polyphony in the Unaccompanied String Works of J.S. Bach Analysis, Perception, and Performance [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www.proquest.com/docview/304715522/ 2001 Advised by Lab Faculty Melody, Perception, Performance    

1997

 1997        
Hudgens, H. A. (1997). Perceived Categories in Atonal Music: Webern’s Psychology of Convention [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www.proquest.com/docview/304401175 1997 Advised by Lab Faculty Mental Representation, Atonality    

1995

 1995        
Piagentini, S. M. (1995). Phrase Analysis as Problem-Solving: A Production System Model Approach [Doctoral Dissertation]. Northwestern University. https://www.proquest.com/docview/304239020/ 1995 Advised by Lab Faculty Form, Mental Representation