Scenerio

A couple tested positive for Covid (mild symptoms, no long-term effects) two weeks after

their first dose of the Pfizer vaccine and their primary care physician instructed them to

wait 90 days after their symptoms resided to receive their second doses. However, they

will be traveling to Florida with their unvaccinated children and strongly believe they

should get their second dose two weeks prior to their trip (66/90 days and 63/90 days).

Answers

• The second dose of your vaccine should be deferred until you are no longer

symptomatic and meet the criteria to leave isolation. Mild to moderate symptoms: discontinue isolation at least 10 days after

symptoms started, at least 24 hours after fever resolution without an

antipyretic, and overall symptoms have improved.

• Like their primary care physician mentioned, the short-term reaction to the

vaccine may be more severe with residual antibodies remaining, however,

general CDC guidelines (as of June 1, 2021) do not dictate a 90 day wait, rather

the guidelines listed above.

• Special Cases: **If you were treated with monoclonal antibodies or convalescent

plasma, have a history of multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children or

adults, have a history of thrombosis, or have received passive antibody therapy,

CDC guidelines do recommend waiting the full 90 days**

• Do not use any treatment that is not approved or authorized by the FDA, there

are serious risks of harm. Ivermectin is not approved in any way for

Covid-19 prevention or treatment.

• Ivermectin is not an anti-viral drug, it is only FDA approved to treat specific

conditions caused by parasitic worms and a topical version can be used to treat

external parasites such as head lice.

• There are two versions of Ivermectin, one intended for humans and one intended

for animals. Never take medications intended for animals. Ivermectin is most

often used on horses or cows and thus the drug has a much higher dosage.

• Approved levels of ivermectin can interact with other medications ie. blood

thinners and you can overdose on ivermectin.

• The WHO has recommended that the use of remdesivir in hospitalized patients

end, regardless of the severity of the patient’s Covid infection, because there is

“currently no evidence that remdesivir improves survival and other outcomes in

these patients”. (November 20, 2020)

• Antibody-Dependent Enhancement, in the case of Covid-19, seemed to depend

on which protein you chose to base your vaccine around. Specifically, ADE was

previously seen in trials of vaccines that targeted the nucleoprotein antigen of the

2003 SARS coronavirus.

• For this reason, the approved coronavirus vaccines target different proteins or

have different mechanisms of action that have shown no signs of ADE. ADE was

specifically tested for in trials involving animals and no cases of increased

severity were observed.

• Short answer: no, it does not. It actually strengthens the immune system.
• The vaccine works by delivering a fragment of mRNA to your cells which can

then be translated to a protein, here, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In layman’s

terms, the mRNA fragment you receive in the vaccine gives you the building

block to produce a protein that our bodies build an immune response to

(antibodies). There is no evidence that this particular fragment insertion has

negative effects on the immune system.

• Novavax is a protein adjuvent vaccine. The Novavax vaccine contains the spike

protein of the coronavirus formulated into a nanoparticle that cannot cause

disease. Post injection, the spike nanoparticle stimulates the immune system to

produce antibodies and T-cell immune responses.

• Currently in phase 3 clinical trials, showing 90% effectiveness against

“lab-confirmed, symptomatic infection and 100% effectiveness against moderate

and severe disease in Phase 3 trial results.” Additionally showing 91%

effectiveness for those in high-risk populations and 93% effective against

“predominately circulating variants and variants of interest.”

• Common side effects: injection site tenderness, fatigue, headache, muscle pain.

Scenerio

Grandmother concerned about her unvaccinated grandsons (ages 4 and 7) spending

time around unmasked adults who are vaccinated and the potential risks of the kids

playing unmasked with other unvaccinated children or around maskless adults.

Answers

• Any unvaccinated person indoors is required to wear a mask.
• Any unvaccinated individuals are permitted to not wear a mask if they are outside

with only members of their household or attending a small outdoor gathering

where the other individuals are fully vaccinated.

• If you are vaccinated, you do not need to wear a mask. However, because none

of the vaccines are 100% effective, if you are in a large group setting with

unvaccinated persons, it never hurts to wear your mask as well.

• If you are fully vaccinated but work in a place where you interact with a lot of

people who may be maskless or unvaccinated you should consider wearing a

mask during those times.

• **Youth specific activities** CDC guidelines for youth camps (both day and

overnight camps) state that if everyone is fully vaccinated, masks do not need to

be worn. In camps where not everyone is vaccinated, unvaccinated children must

wear masks indoors and are also required to wear masks in crowded outdoor

settings or during activities that involve sustained coles contact with other

unvaccinated or not fully vaccinated individuals.

• Not exactly… The J&J/Janssen vaccine only requires one dose to reach the

66.3% effectiveness in preventing Covid-19.

• There are currently discussions revolving around a possible booster (a single

dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna vaccine) for those who received the

J&J/Janssen vaccine as the Delta variant spreads. However, the CDC is currently

not recommending boosters.

• This may change as trials are being run to determine the need for boosting the

J&J vaccine.

No, your ibuprofen allergy is a completely separate type of allergy so you will be

completely safe.

• Children between the ages of 2-12 are not yet eligible for any vaccines in the

United States, but they could be as early as this fall as both Pfizer and Moderna

are running trials testing the vaccine on children ages 6 months to 11 years old.

• All unvaccinated individuals are required to wear masks indoors.
• Because no child under the age of 12 is currently eligible for a vaccine, there is

an increased risk of transmission of the spread of covid variants if the proper

precautions are not taken (proper room ventilation, masking, social distancing,

vaccinating all adults in the school).

• The transmission risk from an unvaccinated student to a vaccinated teacher or

administrator is very low.

Scenerio

A 12-year-old recently received the Pfizer vaccine (does not say whether the first or second dose) and three days later developed hives on her knees.

Answers

• Rashes or hives near the injection site are common side effects, but hives on

other parts of the body* may indicate a mild allergic reaction. However, because

the reaction occurred three days (rather than one or fewer days) following the

vaccination, there is difficulty in clearly attributing the reaction to the vaccine.

• *Common mild allergic reactions from the Pfizer vaccine include pruritus, rash,

itchy and scratchy sensations of the throat, and mild respiratory symptoms.

• Reactions should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.

You should have received information and instructions on how to do so from the

pharmacists who administered the vaccine.

Scenerio

A few questions regarding the safety of Church choirs and general procedure.

Answers

• If both staff and congregants have shown proof of full vaccination, then

temperature checks and contact tracing are not required. If unvaccinated or not

fully vaccinated congregants are in attendance, their temperature should be

taken and they should continue to contact trace, and they must be masked

(covering nose and mouth) and socially distanced from non-household members.

• If the members of the choir have all shown proof of being fully vaccinated, the

CDC does deem it safe for indoor performances without masks or face shields.

Microphones can be shared between fully vaccinated individuals but should be

regularly sanitized nonetheless.

• The CDC still recommends avoiding large events and gatherings regardless of

vaccination status (as of May 20, 2021). While this is subject to change, with the

rise of the Delta and other variants strains of Covid, it may be unsafe.

• If the concert venue requires proof of vaccination for entry and enforces social

distancing, the risk would be very much reduced.

• Variants or new strains of a virus occur when there is a mutation in the virus’s

genes, this was not unexpected for SARS-CoV-2 and is being continuously

monitored.

• Initial research on the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant–now the most common version of

the coronavirus in the UK–has shown the strain is more contagious than the

initial strain because it seems to affect the virus’s spike protein, whose purpose is

to help the virus attach to human cells in the nose, lungs, and other areas of the

body. This makes the variant strain bind more tightly to our cells. Thus, there is a

much shorter time frame for infection.

• “A platelet count greater than 20,000 is adequate for an intramuscular injection. If

your count is above 20,000 but less than 50,000, you should hold firm pressure

on the injection site, without rubbing, for five minutes following the injection. If

your platelets are less than 20,000, talk to your doctor about ways to increase

your platelet count prior to receiving your vaccination.”

• The expected benefits of receiving the Covid vaccine outweigh the concern of the

potential for a drop in the platelet count.

Sources

https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/ui/pdfs/hematology-covid-faq.pdf

https://www.itpsupport.org.uk/images/downloads/FAQs_ITP_and_C-19_vaccination_04012020.pdf

https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-itp

• “People with thyroid conditions, including autoimmune thyroid disease and

thyroid cancer, should receive the COVID vaccine if they are medically stable. If

you have a history of allergic reactions, you should be aware of special

precautions that might be needed.”

• b. “The vaccines in current use have been tested and approved in the US by the

FDA. Clinical trials have included thousands of patients, some of whom have had

thyroid conditions. Currently there is no evidence that having thyroid disease

makes you at higher risk for vaccine-related problems.”

Source:

https://www.thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Public-Health-Committee-COVID-Vaccine-

FAQ-for-Patients_FINAL_2_2_21.pdf American Thyroid Association FAQs

• Yes. While in older individuals there is a very small increased risk of worse

outcomes of infections with coronavirus, the international celiac registry has

indicated no increase of severe outcomes.

• Additionally, many participants in clinical trials of FDA-approved vaccines

self-reported celiac disease, and no severe outcomes were reported.

Scenerio

A family has been fully vaccinated minus their 10-year-old son and have a trip to Disney

planned for later this month. They are flying and with the rise of the Delta variant, the

family is particularly concerned for their 10-year-old.

Answers

• The CDC still recommends for all unvaccinated persons to avoid crowds and

avoid close contact with potentially unvaccinated persons or non-household

members.

• If you are going to travel, federal requirements stand that unvaccinated persons

must properly mask, maintain social distancing, and should regularly wash hands

or use hand sanitizer when in airports. Masking and social distancing must also

be practiced on any public transportation or indoors.

• The risk is the greatest for a person who is unvaccinated

• The CDC recommends for any person non-vaccinated over the age of two to

wear a mask in public settings and around non-household members as well as

social distance.

• This is still up in the air. States will make their own decisions about their

mandates.

• Illinois specifically has voted to resume in-person classes this fall with virtual

options only available to those who are not yet eligible to receive a vaccine and

are under quarantine orders by a local health department.

• Some major cities including Philadelphia have left more virtual options open for

students.

Scenerio

Question submitter (65, no underlying conditions) received the J&J vaccine on March 6

as it was the appointment she could get.

Answers

• There are current studies looking into whether or not those who received the J&J

vaccine should receive booster shots, but there are currently no

recommendations by any US health agency to mix vaccines.

• While more studies have been conducted studying the long-lasting effects and

effectiveness of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, J&J recently announced that

their single-shot vaccine had even higher effectiveness in generating a strong

neutralizing response to the Delta variant than previously seen against the Beta

variant with their vaccine.

• At this point, it is not recommended and even cautioned against receiving a

booster or mixing vaccines; especially because the efficacy of the J&J vaccine,

while lower than Pfizer and Moderna, has been continually tested and met or

exceeded expectations.

Scenerio

After receiving the vaccine on March 6, the patient has had continued pain in their arm

and per your advice, spoke to their family practitioner who was unsure of what to do

next. The pain ebbs and flows but sometimes is so great that it awakes the patient from

sleep and the pain can radiate down to the elbow. The effects are from the first dose as

the patient received their second in the other arm.

Answers

• If you are have continued pain in your arm, you should consult your primary care

physician first

• If the pain has been persistent for weeks, there may have been an error in

administering your vaccine. If the vaccine is administered too low or the needle is

inserted too deeply, the vaccine would have been injected into the bursa space

below the muscle. If this is the case, treatment includes physical therapy and

possible steroid injections.

• In general, if you have persisting symptoms from your vaccine that last for

several days or the redness and swelling near your vaccine site worsen you

should contact your doctor.

• Adverse vaccine reactions should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event

Reporting System (VAERS)

• Covid antibodies can prevent reinfection in those who have them, but, this

immunity varies in length, and all evidence points to longer-lasting immunity from

receiving a covid vaccine rather than relying on your antibodies.

•  A recent study looking at patients with covid antibodies and the vaccine found

that the immune system is “trying to get ahead of the virus”. Dr. Michel

Nussenzweig, who ran a recent study following this phenomenon has

hypothesized that the body keeps “reserve armies of antibody-producing cells” as

well as the cells that initially responded to the Covid infection. Some reserve

cells, over time, mutate and produce antibodies that are “better able to recognize

new viral strains”.

• Another recent study found that neutralizing antibodies in children and

adolescents who showed no or mild covid symptoms have a “broad, effective,

and durable” antibody response that lasts at least four months following infection.

Scenerio

A funeral director is concerned about their staff’s safety while embalming and preparing

a body for a funeral.

Answers

• If the patient died from Covid-19, there is evidence that the infection could be

active (meaning the patient could spread the virus) for around thirty days after

death.

• The staff certainly could be at risk, but there are ways to minimize the risk: avoid

using aerosol-generating procedures or make sure there are proper engineering

controls and PPE is worn. Postmortem testing is up to the discretion of the

coroner, medical examiner, etc.

• If an autopsy or embalming process is taking place on someone who was

confirmed to have had covid, postmortem testing should be performed to test for

covid, influenza viruses, and other respiratory pathogens because it is still

unclear exactly how long the virus remains active.

• If you are fully vaccinated, the CDC does deem it safe to return to fitness classes,

even in larger groups.

• The risk of infection is immensely greater for someone who is not fully

vaccinated.

• DO NOT WEAR YOUR MASK IN THE POOL. If your mask gets wet, it will

become more difficult to breathe and will not be as effective. If you are cautious,

do your best to social distance yourself from others in the pool.

• First, in the submitter’s planning, it seems as if they have taken the necessary

precautions (outdoor space, small gathering, and all but one of the attendees is

fully vaccinated) to have a safe event. CDC recommendations state that it is safe

for a single unvaccinated person to be maskless at an outdoor small gathering

where all others have been fully vaccinated, however it would be wise to require

the child to wear a mask because of the immunocompromised guest, even

though they are being tested.

• Additionally, it would be wise to arrange for the child to be socially distant from

the immunocompromised guest while eating as they cannot wear their mask

while doing so. The other vaccinated guests do not need to wear masks.

• If you are going somewhere that you are unsure if everyone is vaccinated, the

immunocompromised individual should wear a mask and continue to social

distance. (If the immunocompromised individual is not fully vaccinated they 100%

should mask and social distance around non-household members anywhere)

• For both events, make sure that all staff either have proof of vaccination or are

wearing masks (that will likely be enforced by the restaurant or staffing company

but it is good to be certain)

• If everyone is fully vaccinated, CDC recommendations state it is safe to have a

gathering indoors.

Scenerio

Another patient with leukemia/lymphoma received both doses of the Pfizer vaccine late

Feb-mid March and has not developed antibodies as of June 15. The patient’s

Oncologist/Hematologist suggested the patient receive another round of vaccination as

their chemotherapy likely affected their body’s response to the vaccine. The patient

returned to the clinic where they received their first round and was turned away from

re-vaccination.

Answers

• Receiving a booster or full second round of vaccination is currently not

recommended by the CDC or any department of health in the US for anyone.

• Ongoing studies are looking into the efficacy and safety of boosters.
• Because the patient has not developed antibodies, they should continue to mask

and social distance.

• While technically you have been vaccinated in the sense that you received both

doses of the Pfizer vaccine, because you do not have antibodies, it is as if you

were not vaccinated.

• It is currently not recommended by any US health agency to receive a booster

shot if you are not immunocompromised, however, ongoing studies are revolving

around booster shots, and with Pfizer’s request for emergency use authorization

for a booster shot you could be able to receive a booster or a second round of

vaccinations soon. Pfizer briefed US officials on their request today (yesterday

when we record: Monday, July 12, 2021).

• Per your WGN interview this morning (yesterday when recording), if you are

immunocompromised, they (CDC) are amending their applications to allow a

third dose for immunocompromised patients because of the evidence of

potentially more severe infection six months post-vaccination.

• There is difficulty on this subject as the CDC and FDA still recommend only

receiving one round of vaccinations (whether that be one or two doses if you

receive the Johnson & Johnson or Pfizer/Moderna vaccine) while Pfizer has been publicly

commenting on the potential of reduced immunity in those who received the

vaccine that they have seen in a relatively small test group in Israel.

• The CDC and the FDA released a joint statement on July 8, 2021, stating that

those who are fully vaccinated do not need to receive a booster shot but state

they continuously review incoming data and are prepared for booster shots “if

and when science demonstrates they are needed.”

• Dr. Anthony Fauci was quoted saying “Right now, given the data and

the information we have, we do not need to give people a third shot,” he said.

“That doesn’t mean we stop there. … studies are being done now ongoing as we

speak about looking at the feasibility about if and when we should be boosting

people.”

• The CDC and FDA currently do not recommend boosters.
• Moderna has not made any public statements of reduced immunity for their

vaccine.

• I was not able to get a clear answer on this question as I was not able to find any

public data studying this, but medical professionals that have either received

boosters in clinical trials or preemptively have mixed vaccine types, though I have

only seen boosters after receiving the J&J vaccine.

• We will likely have to wait and see the data coming out of clinical trials.

• Yes, some variants can be weaker than others, however, they are beaten out by

the strong, more deadly and contagious variants. Perhaps it is a scare tactic, but

it is warranted and backed up by data.

• Your genes and virus genes don’t have a goal. The mutations do not occur as a

response to a virus “trying to stay alive”. During replication, a genome can have

random copying error(s) that cause mutation(s), which can have positive or

negative impacts on the genome. Statistically, mutations usually have weakening

effects on the genome, however, in cases like the Delta variant, these mutations

have made the variant stronger, meaning more contagious and deadly due to

their increased binding efficacy (among other reasons) to our cells.

• Also, increased contagion does technically make a variant more deadly on its

own, as infecting more people at a higher rate ultimately has led to an uptick in

covid deaths. (Seen in the CDC’s Covid death tracker)

• While Covid deaths were decreasing throughout May, following the Fourth of July

weekend, there has been an increasing number of Covid deaths per day.

• Polyethylene glycol is an inactive ingredient in ibuprofen. If you are unsure of

which ingredient in ibuprofen you are allergic to, you should either consult your

doctor to find out which ingredient you are allergic to (if you have had an allergy

test) or talk to your doctor about getting the J&J vaccine just to be safe.

• Polysorbate is confusing. It is listed as an ingredient of ibuprofen on some sites

but not others, likely some drug manufacturers add polysorbate as an inactive

ingredient and some do not, though I found it listed consistently as an ingredient

in Advil. Regardless, if you have a polysorbate allergy you should avoid the J&J

vaccine and talk to your doctor about receiving an mRNA vaccine.

Scenerio

A patient was vaccinated in February but got Covid in April and had mild symptoms but

has now fully recovered. If not for her daughter testing positive for Covid, the patient

would have assumed she only had a mild cold. Before Covid, it was common practice to

continue working, even in a public space, with a common cold.

Answers

• If you are unsure, get tested for Covid. It is free!
• If you have a fever, do not go to work in person. The CDC advises employees to

stay home until at least 24 hours after their fever has subsided.

• If you do not have a fever and can socially distance from coworkers and you are

physically well enough to go to work, wear a mask if you must go in person.

• Because the student is vaccinated, the risk of infection and severe symptoms are

drastically reduced for them. The risk lies on the student who is unable to get

vaccinated.

• However, with the entire campus required to be fully vaccinated, this creates herd

immunity on campus to protect those who are medically unable to receive a

vaccine. So, the unvaccinated student should be safe on campus.

• The unvaccinated student should take extra precautions when leaving campus

around those who may not be vaccinated by wearing a mask, social distancing,

and regularly washing their hands.

• It is important to note that while far less likely than in unvaccinated individuals,

vaccinated persons still can get covid and spread it to others (possibly at a lower

rate but still transmissible). The school’s administration should make sure that if

even a single person on campus displays covid symptoms or tests positive for

covid, those medically unable to receive vaccines should be contacted and

appropriate actions should be taken to ensure their safety.

• The vaccinated student should also take extra precaution when leaving campus

to ensure their roommates’ safety by wearing a mask indoors when off campus

and social distancing outdoors if they are unsure if people around them are

vaccinated or not (ex: at the grocery store, getting a haircut, etc.)

Couldn’t find any specifics or data regarding whether or not a person with celiac and someone

who cannot get vaccinated can safely live together so I will defer to your opinion, but I assume

with 100% of the campus population vaccinated it should be safe due to herd immunity?

• The Guillain-Barre Syndrome warning was only added to the

Johnson&Johnson/Janssen vaccine.

• The good news is that no cases of GSB have been reported in the mRNA

vaccines: Moderna and Pfizer, so both of those options are safe for you to take.

• If you are fully vaccinated, CDC recommendations do deem it safe to attend

indoor concerts. However, with the rise of the Delta variant and none of the

approved vaccines in the US being 100% effective, you are still at risk, while

much smaller than an unvaccinated person, of becoming infected with Covid-19.

• Again, the much, much larger risk is on unvaccinated persons.
• The size of the space and crowd is also important. If precautions such as proper

room ventilation, social distancing, proof of vaccination, and proper masking for

those who are unvaccinated are taken, then your risk of infection is significantly

lowered.

• Face shields on their own are not an effective face covering to prevent the

spread of Covid-19 as they were developed for eye protection.

• However, a face shield worn as added protection over a properly worn face mask

is an effective masking technique.

• Moderna has made no public announcements regarding waning immunity in their

vaccine so your daughter is very protected from covid infection as well as severe

disease.

• Again, the risk mostly falls on those who are unvaccinated.
• With only 40% of the staff vaccinated, there are mask mandates in place that

must be followed for all unvaccinated staff.

• However, because wearing masks may be difficult for some individuals with

cognitive, behavioral, or sensory issues there could be some increased risk.

• Facilities should be well ventilated and allow for proper social distancing.

• I couldn’t find anything about a vaccine exacerbating the effects of a blood

thinner, the only advice for what to do before and during vaccination.

• It is safe for those on blood thinners to receive the Covid vaccine.
• Follow the same steps as other vaccinations you have received. Try to book your

vaccination appointment before you take your blood thinner or you can talk to

your doctor about skipping a dose.

• If you can or cannot go earlier/skip, you should talk to the clinician administering

your vaccine about using the smallest needle possible (23-gauge or smaller

according to MedPage), and press firmly on the injection site for two minutes

following your shot without rubbing.

• It is currently not recommended by any US health agency to receive a booster

shot if you are not immunocompromised, however, ongoing studies are revolving

around booster shots, this may change in the future. Only immunocompromised

patients are advised to receive a third dose of a vaccine.

• Concern is being raised over Pfizer’s announcement and data coming out of

Israel and other countries showing some waning immunity over six months.

• Following Pfizer’s announcement, the CDC, FDA, and NIH all came out in

opposition to Pfizer’s statement, and Pfizer has since backtracked.

• Important to note even though this family is vaccinated: Do not travel

internationally if you are unvaccinated.

• First looking at the family’s immunity, having been fully vaccinated two months

ago, they are in great shape in terms of covid immunity to infection, as well as

severe disease.

• When in the airport and on the airplane, federal mandates require masks to be

worn. Additionally, you should social distance, wash your hands regularly, and

bring disinfecting wipes to clean your seat, tray table, armrests, and seatbelt on

the airplane.

• Ireland specifically (as of 10:47 am CDT July 14, 2021): 85 infections/ 100k

residents reported in the last 7 days. Population ~49.1% fully vaccinated.

• While there is a larger spike occurring in the United Kingdom, Ireland has

relatively fewer cases. Still, you should remain vigilant and follow all guidelines

and mandatory quarantines in place in foreign countries.

• While Covid can have similar long-term risks like polio, there have been no

reports of covid or a covid vaccine reactivating polio in survivors.

• While a cancer patient’s antibody response may not be as strong as a two-dose

vaccine, they can now get a third shot and there have been no reports of the

covid vaccine accelerating the spread of cancers, although infection may be

more severe.

• Pregnant people are at a higher risk of severe illness than non-pregnant people.

Certain factors increase that risk including being under the age of 25 or having

underlying medical conditions.

• If the pregnant person was fully vaccinated before pregnancy,
• If you are pregnant, you can receive the covid vaccine. J&J does issue a warning

of increased chance of blood clots in women under 50.

• Based on how mRNA vaccines work, they are not at risk of affecting lactating

people or breastfeeding.

• *Vaccines have shown no effect on male or female fertility*

• If you have symptoms, get tested as soon as possible.
• If you suspect you have been exposed to covid, quarantine for 14 days or until a

positive test if you are unvaccinated. Watch for symptoms and if possible

distance from other home members.

• Tests have shown to be most accurate 5-7 days following exposure however,

testing early and multiple times is an effective way to stay vigilant and potentially

not spread the virus further.

• The two-dose vaccines are given in two doses because the first shot is relatively

weak compared to the two doses together.

• Moderna’s vaccine is ~69.5% effective at preventing covid symptoms between

the first dose and second compared to 94.1% effective two weeks following the

second dose.

• Pfizer’s first dose is ~52.4% effective at protecting against covid with symptoms

between the first and second dose compared to 95% effective two weeks after

the second dose.

• As of July 12, 2021, myocarditis has been reported in 1,047 cases and

myocarditis or pericarditis has been confirmed in 633 cases thus far.

• Dosages have not been updated because there have been suspected cases in

0.0007% of people (159,675,163 fully vaccinated/ 1,047 suspected cases x

100%)

• To achieve herd immunity to viral diseases such as Covid, a population must

reach at least 70% of fully vaccinated individuals.

• However, with such high levels of infection and contagion of variant strains, this

number could be as high as 90%. Ideally, everyone who is eligible for a vaccine

receives it.